Problem Statement

We conducted a survey on newspaper subscriptions. More specifically, we asked each of the N respondents the following two questions:

• Question 1: Are you subscribing to Newspaper X?
• Question 2: Are you subscribing to Newspaper Y?

As the result, A respondents answered "yes" to Question 1, and B respondents answered "yes" to Question 2.

What are the maximum possible number and the minimum possible number of respondents subscribing to both newspapers X and Y?

Write a program to answer this question.

Constraints

• 1 \leq N \leq 100
• 0 \leq A \leq N
• 0 \leq B \leq N
• All values in input are integers.

Sample Input 1

10 3 5

Sample Output 1

3 0

In this sample, out of the 10 respondents, 3 answered they are subscribing to Newspaper X, and 5 answered they are subscribing to Newspaper Y.

Here, the number of respondents subscribing to both newspapers is at most 3 and at least 0.

Sample Input 2

10 7 5

Sample Output 2

5 2

In this sample, out of the 10 respondents, 7 answered they are subscribing to Newspaper X, and 5 answered they are subscribing to Newspaper Y.

Here, the number of respondents subscribing to both newspapers is at most 5 and at least 2.

Sample Input 3

100 100 100

Sample Output 3

100 100

Problem Statement

You are given three strings A, B and C. Each of these is a string of length N consisting of lowercase English letters.

Our objective is to make all these three strings equal. For that, you can repeatedly perform the following operation:

• Operation: Choose one of the strings A, B and C, and specify an integer i between 1 and N (inclusive). Change the i-th character from the beginning of the chosen string to some other lowercase English letter.

What is the minimum number of operations required to achieve the objective?

Constraints

• 1 \leq N \leq 100
• Each of the strings A, B and C is a string of length N.
• Each character in each of the strings A, B and C is a lowercase English letter.

Sample Input 1

4
west
east
wait

Sample Output 1

3

In this sample, initially A = west、B = east、C = wait. We can achieve the objective in the minimum number of operations by performing three operations as follows:

• Change the second character in A to a. A is now wast.
• Change the first character in B to w. B is now wast.
• Change the third character in C to s. C is now wast.

Sample Input 2

9
different
different
different

Sample Output 2

0

If A, B and C are already equal in the beginning, the number of operations required is 0.

Sample Input 3

7
zenkoku
touitsu
program

Sample Output 3

13

Problem Statement

There are N dishes of cuisine placed in front of Takahashi and Aoki. For convenience, we call these dishes Dish 1, Dish 2, ..., Dish N.

When Takahashi eats Dish i, he earns A_i points of happiness; when Aoki eats Dish i, she earns B_i points of happiness.

Starting from Takahashi, they alternately choose one dish and eat it, until there is no more dish to eat. Here, both of them choose dishes so that the following value is maximized: "the sum of the happiness he/she will earn in the end" minus "the sum of the happiness the other person will earn in the end".

Find the value: "the sum of the happiness Takahashi earns in the end" minus "the sum of the happiness Aoki earns in the end".

Constraints

• 1 \leq N \leq 10^5
• 1 \leq A_i \leq 10^9
• 1 \leq B_i \leq 10^9
• All values in input are integers.

Sample Input 1

3
10 10
20 20
30 30

Sample Output 1

20

In this sample, both of them earns 10 points of happiness by eating Dish 1, 20 points by eating Dish 2, and 30 points by eating Dish 3.

In this case, since Takahashi and Aoki have the same "taste", each time they will choose the dish with which they can earn the greatest happiness. Thus, first Takahashi will choose Dish 3, then Aoki will choose Dish 2, and finally Takahashi will choose Dish 1, so the answer is (30 + 10) - 20 = 20.

Sample Input 2

3
20 10
20 20
20 30

Sample Output 2

20

In this sample, Takahashi earns 20 points of happiness by eating any one of the dishes 1, 2 and 3, but Aoki earns 10 points of happiness by eating Dish 1, 20 points by eating Dish 2, and 30 points by eating Dish 3.

In this case, since only Aoki has likes and dislikes, each time they will choose the dish with which Aoki can earn the greatest happiness. Thus, first Takahashi will choose Dish 3, then Aoki will choose Dish 2, and finally Takahashi will choose Dish 1, so the answer is (20 + 20) - 20 = 20.

Sample Input 3

6
1 1000000000
1 1000000000
1 1000000000
1 1000000000
1 1000000000
1 1000000000

Sample Output 3

-2999999997

Note that the answer may not fit into a 32-bit integer.

Problem Statement

There is a rooted tree (see Notes) with N vertices numbered 1 to N. Each of the vertices, except the root, has a directed edge coming from its parent. Note that the root may not be Vertex 1.

Takahashi has added M new directed edges to this graph. Each of these M edges, u \rightarrow v, extends from some vertex u to its descendant v.

You are given the directed graph with N vertices and N-1+M edges after Takahashi added edges. More specifically, you are given N-1+M pairs of integers, (A_1, B_1), ..., (A_{N-1+M}, B_{N-1+M}), which represent that the i-th edge extends from Vertex A_i to Vertex B_i.

Restore the original rooted tree.

Notes

For "tree" and other related terms in graph theory, see the article in Wikipedia, for example.

Constraints

• 3 \leq N
• 1 \leq M
• N + M \leq 10^5
• 1 \leq A_i, B_i \leq N
• A_i \neq B_i
• If i \neq j, (A_i, B_i) \neq (A_j, B_j).
• The graph in input can be obtained by adding M edges satisfying the condition in the problem statement to a rooted tree with N vertices.

Sample Input 1

3 1
1 2
1 3
2 3

Sample Output 1

0
1
2

The graph in this input is shown below:

It can be seen that this graph is obtained by adding the edge 1 \rightarrow 3 to the rooted tree 1 \rightarrow 2 \rightarrow 3.

Sample Input 2

6 3
2 1
2 3
4 1
4 2
6 1
2 6
4 6
6 5

Sample Output 2

6
4
2
0
6
2

Problem Statement

There is a connected undirected graph with N vertices and M edges. The vertices are numbered 1 to N, and the edges are numbered 1 to M. Also, each of these vertices and edges has a specified weight. Vertex i has a weight of X_i; Edge i has a weight of Y_i and connects Vertex A_i and B_i.

We would like to remove zero or more edges so that the following condition is satisfied:

• For each edge that is not removed, the sum of the weights of the vertices in the connected component containing that edge, is greater than or equal to the weight of that edge.

Find the minimum number of edges that need to be removed.

Constraints

• 1 \leq N \leq 10^5
• N-1 \leq M \leq 10^5
• 1 \leq X_i \leq 10^9
• 1 \leq A_i < B_i \leq N
• 1 \leq Y_i \leq 10^9
• (A_i,B_i) \neq (A_j,B_j) (i \neq j)
• The given graph is connected.
• All values in input are integers.

Sample Input 1

4 4
2 3 5 7
1 2 7
1 3 9
2 3 12
3 4 18

Sample Output 1

2

Assume that we removed Edge 3 and 4. In this case, the connected component containing Edge 1 contains Vertex 1, 2 and 3, and the sum of the weights of these vertices is 2+3+5=10. The weight of Edge 1 is 7, so the condition is satisfied for Edge 1. Similarly, it can be seen that the condition is also satisfied for Edge 2. Thus, a graph satisfying the condition can be obtained by removing two edges.

The condition cannot be satisfied by removing one or less edges, so the answer is 2.

Sample Input 2

6 10
4 4 1 1 1 7
3 5 19
2 5 20
4 5 8
1 6 16
2 3 9
3 6 16
3 4 1
2 6 20
2 4 19
1 2 9

Sample Output 2

4

Sample Input 3

10 9
81 16 73 7 2 61 86 38 90 28
6 8 725
3 10 12
1 4 558
4 9 615
5 6 942
8 9 918
2 7 720
4 7 292
7 10 414

Sample Output 3

8

Problem Statement

There are N jewels, numbered 1 to N. The color of these jewels are represented by integers between 1 and K (inclusive), and the color of Jewel i is C_i. Also, these jewels have specified values, and the value of Jewel i is V_i.

Snuke would like to choose some of these jewels to exhibit. Here, the set of the chosen jewels must satisfy the following condition:

• For each chosen jewel, there is at least one more jewel of the same color that is chosen.

For each integer x such that 1 \leq x \leq N, determine if it is possible to choose exactly x jewels, and if it is possible, find the maximum possible sum of the values of chosen jewels in that case.

Constraints

• 1 \leq N \leq 2 \times 10^5
• 1 \leq K \leq \lfloor N/2 \rfloor
• 1 \leq C_i \leq K
• 1 \leq V_i \leq 10^9
• For each of the colors, there are at least two jewels of that color.
• All values in input are integers.

Sample Input 1

5 2
1 1
1 2
1 3
2 4
2 5

Sample Output 1

-1
9
6
14
15

We cannot choose exactly one jewel.

When choosing exactly two jewels, the total value is maximized when Jewel 4 and 5 are chosen.

When choosing exactly three jewels, the total value is maximized when Jewel 1, 2 and 3 are chosen.

When choosing exactly four jewels, the total value is maximized when Jewel 2, 3, 4 and 5 are chosen.

When choosing exactly five jewels, the total value is maximized when Jewel 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are chosen.

Sample Input 2

5 2
1 1
1 2
2 3
2 4
2 5

Sample Output 2

-1
9
12
12
15

Sample Input 3

8 4
3 2
2 3
4 5
1 7
3 11
4 13
1 17
2 19

Sample Output 3

-1
24
-1
46
-1
64
-1
77

Sample Input 4

15 5
3 87
1 25
1 27
3 58
2 85
5 19
5 39
1 58
3 12
4 13
5 54
4 100
2 33
5 13
2 55

Sample Output 4

-1
145
173
285
318
398
431
491
524
576
609
634
653
666
678