Problem Statement

Print the L-th through R-th characters of the string atcoder.

Constraints

• L and R are integers.
• 1 \le L \le R \le 7

Sample Input 1

3 6

Sample Output 1

code

The 3-rd through 6-th characters of atcoder are code.

Sample Input 2

4 4

Sample Output 2

o

Sample Input 3

1 7

Sample Output 3

atcoder

Problem Statement

Takahashi has N items and one bag.

The size of the i-th (1\le i\le N) item is A_i, and the size of the bag is M.

If and only if the total size of the items he is trying to put in the bag is at most M, he can put all those items in the bag simultaneously.

If he can put all N items in the bag simultaneously, print Yes; otherwise, print No.

Constraints

• 1\le N\le100
• 1\le M\le10000
• 1\le A_i\le100\ (1\le i\le N)
• All input values are integers.

Sample Input 1

5 15
3 1 4 1 5

Sample Output 1

Yes

The total size of the 5 items is 3+1+4+1+5=14. Since this is not greater than the bag size 15, Takahashi can put all items in the bag simultaneously. Thus, print Yes.

Sample Input 2

5 5
3 1 4 1 5

Sample Output 2

No

The total size of the 5 items is 14, which is greater than the bag size 5, so he cannot put all items in the bag simultaneously. Thus, print No.

Sample Input 3

1 10000
100

Sample Output 3

Yes

Problem Statement

For a positive integer X, let \text{ctz}(X) be the (maximal) number of consecutive zeros at the end of the binary notation of X.
If the binary notation of X ends with a 1, then \text{ctz}(X)=0.

You are given a positive integer N. Print \text{ctz}(N).

Constraints

• 1\leq N\leq 10^9
• N is an integer.

Sample Input 1

2024

Sample Output 1

3

2024 is 11111101000 in binary, with three consecutive 0s from the end, so \text{ctz}(2024)=3.
Thus, print 3.

Sample Input 2

18

Sample Output 2

1

18 is 10010 in binary, so \text{ctz}(18)=1.
Note that we count the trailing zeros.

Sample Input 3

5

Sample Output 3

0

Problem Statement

You are given a string S of length N.

Find the string obtained by replacing all contiguous occurrences of na in S with nya.

Constraints

• N is an integer between 1 and 1000, inclusive.
• S is a string of length N consisting of lowercase English letters.

Sample Input 1

4
naan

Sample Output 1

nyaan

Replacing all contiguous occurrences of na in naan with nya results in the string nyaan.

Sample Input 2

4
near

Sample Output 2

near

S may not contain a contiguous na.

Sample Input 3

8
national

Sample Output 3

nyationyal

Problem Statement

You are given a string S of length N consisting only of lowercase English letters.

Find the number of strings obtained by permuting the characters of S (including the string S itself) that do not contain a palindrome of length K as a substring.

Here, a string T of length N is said to "contain a palindrome of length K as a substring" if and only if there exists a non-negative integer i not greater than (N-K) such that T_{i+j} = T_{i+K+1-j} for every integer j with 1 \leq j \leq K.
Here, T_k denotes the k-th character of the string T.

Constraints

• 2 \leq K \leq N \leq 10
• N and K are integers.
• S is a string of length N consisting only of lowercase English letters.

Sample Input 1

3 2
aab

Sample Output 1

1

The strings obtained by permuting aab are aab, aba, and baa. Among these, aab and baa contain the palindrome aa of length 2 as a substring.
Thus, the only string that satisfies the condition is aba, so print 1.

Sample Input 2

5 3
zzyyx

Sample Output 2

16

There are 30 strings obtained by permuting zzyyx, 16 of which do not contain a palindrome of length 3. Thus, print 16.

Sample Input 3

10 5
abcwxyzyxw

Sample Output 3

440640

Problem Statement

There are N types of chemicals 1,2,\dots,N. Your goal is to create a state where all of them are mixed.
You are given a string S of length 2^N-1 consisting of 0 and 1, which represents the following information:

• First, define state i (1 \le i \le 2^N-1) where one or more types of chemicals are mixed as follows:
  • When the k-th digit (1 \le k \le N) from the bottom in the binary representation of i is 1, and only then, chemical k is included.
  • For example, 13 in binary is 1101_{(2)}, so state 13 represents a state where chemicals 1,3,4 are mixed.
• When the i-th character of S is 0, state i is safe.
• When the i-th character of S is 1, state i is dangerous.

You mix chemicals using the following operation:

• First, prepare an empty bottle.
• Next, repeat the following:
  • Choose one type of chemical that has not yet been poured into the bottle and pour it into the bottle.
  • At this time, the chemicals mixed in the bottle must not be in a dangerous state.

Determine whether this operation can create a state where all chemicals are mixed.

You are given T test cases; solve each of them.

Constraints

• T is an integer between 1 and 40000, inclusive.
• N is an integer between 1 and 18, inclusive.
• S is a string of length 2^N-1 consisting of 0 and 1.
• The sum of |S| = 2^N-1 in each input does not exceed 5 \times 10^5.

Sample Input 1

5
3
0010000
3
0010110
1
1
2
100
4
001110010101110

Sample Output 1

Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes

This input contains five test cases.

The 1st case is as follows:

• There are three types of chemicals.
• Only state 3 where chemicals 1,2 are mixed is dangerous, and the other states are safe.
• For example, you can create a state where all chemicals are mixed with the following procedure:
  • First, pour chemical 2 into the bottle. Only chemical 2 is mixed in the bottle, which is state 2, so it is safe.
  • Next, pour chemical 3 into the bottle. Chemicals 2,3 are mixed in the bottle, which is state 6, so it is safe.
  • Finally, pour chemical 1 into the bottle. Chemicals 1,2,3 are mixed in the bottle, which is state 7, so it is safe.

The 2nd case is as follows:

• There are three types of chemicals.
• State 3 where chemicals 1,2 are mixed, state 5 where chemicals 1,3 are mixed, and state 6 where chemicals 2,3 are mixed are dangerous, and the other states are safe.
• For this case, it is impossible to create a state where all chemicals are mixed.

The 3rd case is as follows:

• There is one type of chemical.
• Since state 1 where only chemical 1 is mixed is dangerous, it is impossible to create a state where all chemicals are mixed.

Problem Statement

You are given a simple connected undirected graph with N vertices numbered 1 through N and M edges numbered 1 through M. Edge i connects vertices u_i and v_i, and has a label w_i.

Among all simple paths (paths that do not pass through the same vertex more than once) from vertex 1 to vertex N, find the minimum XOR of the labels of the edges on the path.

Constraints

• 2 \leq N \leq 10
• N-1 \leq M \leq \frac{N(N-1)}{2}
• 1 \leq u_i < v_i \leq N
• 0 \leq w_i < 2^{60}
• The given graph is a simple connected undirected graph.
• All input values are integers.

Sample Input 1

4 4
1 2 3
2 4 5
1 3 4
3 4 7

Sample Output 1

3

There are two simple paths from vertex 1 to vertex 4:

• 1 \to 2 \to 4
• 1 \to 3 \to 4

The XOR of the labels on the edges of the first path is 6, and that of the second path is 3. Therefore, the answer is 3.

Sample Input 2

4 3
1 2 1
2 3 2
3 4 4

Sample Output 2

7

Sample Input 3

7 10
1 2 726259430069220777
1 4 988687862609183408
1 5 298079271598409137
1 6 920499328385871537
1 7 763940148194103497
2 4 382710956291350101
3 4 770341659133285654
3 5 422036395078103425
3 6 472678770470637382
5 7 938201660808593198

Sample Output 3

186751192333709144

Problem Statement

Given is an undirected graph with N vertices and M edges.
Edge i connects Vertices A_i and B_i.

We will erase Vertices 1, 2, \ldots, N one by one.
Here, erasing Vertex i means deleting Vertex i and all edges incident to Vertex i from the graph.

For each i=1, 2, \ldots, N, how many connected components does the graph have when vertices up to Vertex i are deleted?

Constraints

• 1 \leq N \leq 2 \times 10^5
• 0 \leq M \leq \min(\frac{N(N-1)}{2} , 2 \times 10^5 )
• 1 \leq A_i \lt B_i \leq N
• (A_i,B_i) \neq (A_j,B_j) if i \neq j.
• All values in input are integers.

Sample Input 1

6 7
1 2
1 4
1 5
2 4
2 3
3 5
3 6

Sample Output 1

1
2
3
2
1
0

The figure above shows the transition of the graph.

Sample Input 2

8 7
7 8
3 4
5 6
5 7
5 8
6 7
6 8

Sample Output 2

3
2
2
1
1
1
1
0

The graph may be disconnected from the beginning.

Problem Statement

You are given a connected simple undirected graph G with N vertices numbered 1 to N and N edges. The i-th edge connects Vertex u_i and Vertex v_i bidirectionally.

Answer the following Q queries.

• Determine whether there is a unique simple path from Vertex x_i to Vertex y_i (a simple path is a path without repetition of vertices).

Constraints

• 3 \leq N \leq 2 \times 10^5
• 1 \leq u_i < v_i\leq N
• (u_i,v_i) \neq (u_j,v_j) if i \neq j.
• G is a connected simple undirected graph with N vertices and N edges.
• 1 \leq Q \leq 2 \times 10^5
• 1 \leq x_i < y_i\leq N
• All values in input are integers.

Sample Input 1

5
1 2
2 3
1 3
1 4
2 5
3
1 2
1 4
1 5

Sample Output 1

No
Yes
No

The simple paths from Vertex 1 to 2 are (1,2) and (1,3,2), which are not unique, so the answer to the first query is No.

The simple path from Vertex 1 to 4 is (1,4), which is unique, so the answer to the second query is Yes.

The simple paths from Vertex 1 to 5 are (1,2,5) and (1,3,2,5), which are not unique, so the answer to the third query is No.

Sample Input 2

10
3 5
5 7
4 8
2 9
1 2
7 9
1 6
4 10
2 5
2 10
10
1 8
6 9
8 10
6 8
3 10
3 9
1 10
5 8
1 10
7 8

Sample Output 2

Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No