Problem Statement

There is a grid with H rows from top to bottom and W columns from left to right. Each square has a piece placed on it or is empty.

The state of the grid is represented by H strings S_1, S_2, \ldots, S_H, each of length W.
If the j-th character of S_i is #, the square at the i-th row from the top and j-th column from the left has a piece on it;
if the j-th character of S_i is ., the square at the i-th row from the top and j-th column from the left is empty.

How many squares in the grid have pieces on them?

Constraints

• 1\leq H,W \leq 10
• H and W are integers.
• S_i is a string of length W consisting of # and ..

Sample Input 1

3 5
#....
.....
.##..

Sample Output 1

3

The following three squares have pieces on them:

• the square at the 1-st row from the top and 1-st column from the left;
• the square at the 3-rd row from the top and 2-nd column from the left;
• the square at the 3-rd row from the top and 3-rd column from the left.

Thus, 3 should be printed.

Sample Input 2

1 10
..........

Sample Output 2

0

Since no square has a piece on it, 0 should be printed.

Sample Input 3

6 5
#.#.#
....#
..##.
####.
..#..
#####

Sample Output 3

16

Problem Statement

You are given two different strings S and T.
If S is lexicographically smaller than T, print Yes; otherwise, print No.

Note that many major programming languages implement lexicographical comparison of strings as operators or functions in standard libraries. For more detail, see your language's reference.

Constraints

• S and T are different strings, each of which consists of lowercase English letters and has a length of between 1 and 10 (inclusive).

Sample Input 1

abc atcoder

Sample Output 1

Yes

abc and atcoder begin with the same character, but their second characters are different. Since b comes earlier than t in alphabetical order, we can see that abc is lexicographically smaller than atcoder.

Sample Input 2

arc agc

Sample Output 2

No

Sample Input 3

a aa

Sample Output 3

Yes

Problem Statement

N players with ID numbers 1, 2, \ldots, N are playing a card game.
Each player plays one card.

Each card has two parameters: color and rank, both of which are represented by positive integers.
For i = 1, 2, \ldots, N, the card played by player i has a color C_i and a rank R_i. All of R_1, R_2, \ldots, R_N are different.

Among the N players, one winner is decided as follows.

• If one or more cards with the color T are played, the player who has played the card with the greatest rank among those cards is the winner.
• If no card with the color T is played, the player who has played the card with the greatest rank among the cards with the color of the card played by player 1 is the winner. (Note that player 1 may win.)

Print the ID number of the winner.

Constraints

• 2 \leq N \leq 2 \times 10^5
• 1 \leq T \leq 10^9
• 1 \leq C_i \leq 10^9
• 1 \leq R_i \leq 10^9
• i \neq j \implies R_i \neq R_j
• All values in the input are integers.

Sample Input 1

4 2
1 2 1 2
6 3 4 5

Sample Output 1

4

Cards with the color 2 are played. Thus, the winner is player 4, who has played the card with the greatest rank, 5, among those cards.

Sample Input 2

4 2
1 3 1 4
6 3 4 5

Sample Output 2

1

No card with the color 2 is played. Thus, the winner is player 1, who has played the card with the greatest rank, 6, among the cards with the color of the card played by player 1 (color 1).

Sample Input 3

2 1000000000
1000000000 1
1 1000000000

Sample Output 3

1

Problem Statement

There is a grid with H horizontal rows and W vertical columns. Each cell has a lowercase English letter written on it. We denote by (i, j) the cell at the i-th row from the top and j-th column from the left.

The letters written on the grid are represented by H strings S_1,S_2,\ldots, S_H, each of length W. The j-th letter of S_i represents the letter written on (i, j).

There is a unique set of contiguous cells (going vertically, horizontally, or diagonally) in the grid with s, n, u, k, and e written on them in this order.
Find the positions of such cells and print them in the format specified in the Output section.

A tuple of five cells (A_1,A_2,A_3,A_4,A_5) is said to form a set of contiguous cells (going vertically, horizontally, or diagonally) with s, n, u, k, and e written on them in this order if and only if all of the following conditions are satisfied.

• A_1,A_2,A_3,A_4 and A_5 have letters s, n, u, k, and e written on them, respectively.
• For all 1\leq i\leq 4, cells A_i and A_{i+1} share a corner or a side.
• The centers of A_1,A_2,A_3,A_4, and A_5 are on a common line at regular intervals.

Constraints

• 5\leq H\leq 100
• 5\leq W\leq 100
• H and W are integers.
• S_i is a string of length W consisting of lowercase English letters.
• The given grid has a unique conforming set of cells.

Sample Input 1

6 6
vgxgpu
amkxks
zhkbpp
hykink
esnuke
zplvfj

Sample Output 1

5 2
5 3
5 4
5 5
5 6

Tuple (A_1,A_2,A_3,A_4,A_5)=((5,2),(5,3),(5,4),(5,5),(5,6)) satisfies the conditions.
Indeed, the letters written on them are s, n, u, k, and e;
for all 1\leq i\leq 4, cells A_i and A_{i+1} share a side;
and the centers of the cells are on a common line.

Sample Input 2

5 5
ezzzz
zkzzz
ezuzs
zzznz
zzzzs

Sample Output 2

5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1

Tuple (A_1,A_2,A_3,A_4,A_5)=((5,5),(4,4),(3,3),(2,2),(1,1)) satisfies the conditions.
However, for example, (A_1,A_2,A_3,A_4,A_5)=((3,5),(4,4),(3,3),(2,2),(3,1)) violates the third condition because the centers of the cells are not on a common line, although it satisfies the first and second conditions.

Sample Input 3

10 10
kseeusenuk
usesenesnn
kskekeeses
nesnusnkkn
snenuuenke
kukknkeuss
neunnennue
sknuessuku
nksneekknk
neeeuknenk

Sample Output 3

9 3
8 3
7 3
6 3
5 3

Problem Statement

You are given an integer N. Consider permuting the digits in N and separate them into two positive integers.

For example, for the integer 123, there are six ways to separate it, as follows:

• 12 and 3,
• 21 and 3,
• 13 and 2,
• 31 and 2,
• 23 and 1,
• 32 and 1.

Here, the two integers after separation must not contain leading zeros. For example, it is not allowed to separate the integer 101 into 1 and 01. Additionally, since the resulting integers must be positive, it is not allowed to separate 101 into 11 and 0, either.

What is the maximum possible product of the two resulting integers, obtained by the optimal separation?

Constraints

• N is an integer between 1 and 10^9 (inclusive).
• N contains two or more digits that are not 0.

Sample Input 1

123

Sample Output 1

63

As described in Problem Statement, there are six ways to separate it:

• 12 and 3,
• 21 and 3,
• 13 and 2,
• 31 and 2,
• 23 and 1,
• 32 and 1.

The products of these pairs, in this order, are 36, 63, 26, 62, 23, 32, with 63 being the maximum.

Sample Input 2

1010

Sample Output 2

100

There are two ways to separate it:

• 100 and 1,
• 10 and 10.

In either case, the product is 100.

Sample Input 3

998244353

Sample Output 3

939337176

Problem Statement

We have N fuses connected in series. The i-th fuse from the left has a length of A_i centimeters and burns at a constant speed of B_i centimeters per second.

Consider igniting this object from left and right ends simultaneously. Find the distance between the position where the two flames will meet and the left end of the object.

Constraints

• 1 \leq N \leq 10^5
• 1 \leq A_i,B_i \leq 1000
• All values in input are integers.

Sample Input 1

3
1 1
2 1
3 1

Sample Output 1

3.000000000000000

The two flames will meet at 3 centimeters from the left end of the object.

Sample Input 2

3
1 3
2 2
3 1

Sample Output 2

3.833333333333333

Sample Input 3

5
3 9
1 2
4 6
1 5
5 3

Sample Output 3

8.916666666666668

Problem Statement

There are H \times W cookies in H rows and W columns.
The color of the cookie at the i-row from the top and j-th column from the left is represented by a lowercase English letter c_{i,j}.

We will perform the following procedure.

1. For each row, perform the following operation: if there are two or more cookies remaining in the row and they all have the same color, mark them.

2. For each column, perform the following operation: if there are two or more cookies remaining in the column and they all have the same color, mark them.

3. If there are any marked cookies, remove them all and return to 1; otherwise, terminate the procedure.

Find the number of cookies remaining at the end of the procedure.

Constraints

• 2 \leq H, W \leq 2000
• c_{i,j} is a lowercase English letter.

Sample Input 1

4 3
aaa
aaa
abc
abd

Sample Output 1

2

The procedure is performed as follows.

• 1. Mark the cookies in the first and second rows.
• 2. Mark the cookies in the first column.
• 3. Remove the marked cookies.

At this point, the cookies look like the following, where . indicates a position where the cookie has been removed.

...
...
.bc
.bd

• 1. Do nothing.
• 2. Mark the cookies in the second column.
• 3. Remove the marked cookies.

At this point, the cookies look like the following, where . indicates a position where the cookie has been removed.

...
...
..c
..d

• 1. Do nothing.
• 2. Do nothing.
• 3. No cookies are marked, so terminate the procedure.

The final number of cookies remaining is 2.

Sample Input 2

2 5
aaaaa
abcde

Sample Output 2

4

Sample Input 3

3 3
ooo
ooo
ooo

Sample Output 3

0

Problem Statement

You are given a sequence X of length N where each element is between 1 and N, inclusive, and a sequence A of length N.
Print the result of performing the following operation K times on A.

• Replace A with B such that B_i = A_{X_i}.

Constraints

• All input values are integers.
• 1 \le N \le 2 \times 10^5
• 0 \le K \le 10^{18}
• 1 \le X_i \le N
• 1 \le A_i \le 2 \times 10^5

Sample Input 1

7 3
5 2 6 3 1 4 6
1 2 3 5 7 9 11

Sample Output 1

7 2 3 5 1 9 3

In this input, X=(5,2,6,3,1,4,6) and the initial sequence is A=(1,2,3,5,7,9,11).

• After one operation, the sequence is (7,2,9,3,1,5,9).
• After two operations, the sequence is (1,2,5,9,7,3,5).
• After three operations, the sequence is (7,2,3,5,1,9,3).

Sample Input 2

4 0
3 4 1 2
4 3 2 1

Sample Output 2

4 3 2 1

There may be cases where no operations are performed.

Sample Input 3

9 1000000000000000000
3 7 8 5 9 3 7 4 2
9 9 8 2 4 4 3 5 3

Sample Output 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Problem Statement

You are given N strings S _ 1,S _ 2,\ldots,S _ N. S _ i\ (1\leq i\leq N) is a non-empty string of length at most 10 consisting of lowercase English letters, and the strings are pairwise distinct.

Taro the First and Jiro the Second play a word-chain game. In this game, the two players take alternating turns, with Taro the First going first. In each player's turn, the player chooses an integer i\ (1\leq i\leq N), which should satisfy the following two conditions:

• i is different from any integer chosen by the two players so far since the game started;
• the current turn is the first turn of the game, or the last character of S_j equals the first character of S_i, where j is the last integer chosen.

The player who is unable to choose a conforming i loses; the other player wins.

Determine which player will win if the two players play optimally.

Constraints

• 1 \leq N \leq 16
• N is an integer.
• S _ i\ (1\leq i\leq N) is a non-empty string of length at most 10 consisting of lowercase English letters.
• S _ i\neq S _ j\ (1\leq i\lt j\leq N)

Sample Input 1

6
enum
float
if
modint
takahashi
template

Sample Output 1

First

For example, the game progresses as follows. Note that the two players may not be playing optimally in this example.

• Taro the First chooses i=3. S _ i=if.
• Jiro the Second chooses i=2. S _ i=float, and the last character of if equals the first character of float.
• Taro the First chooses i=5. S _ i=takahashi, and the last character of float equals the first character of takahashi.
• Jiro the Second is unable to choose i\neq2,3,5 such that S _ i starts with i, so he loses.

In this case, Taro the First wins.

Sample Input 2

10
catch
chokudai
class
continue
copy
exec
havoc
intrinsic
static
yucatec

Sample Output 2

Second

Sample Input 3

16
mnofcmzsdx
lgeowlxuqm
ouimgdjxlo
jhwttcycwl
jbcuioqbsj
mdjfikdwix
jhvdpuxfil
peekycgxco
sbvxszools
xuuqebcrzp
jsciwvdqzl
obblxzjhco
ptobhnpfpo
muizaqtpgx
jtgjnbtzcl
sivwidaszs

Sample Output 3

First