Problem Statement

You are given a string S of length 3.
Print a character that occurs only once in S.
If there is no such character, print -1 instead.

Constraints

• S is a string of length 3 consisting of lowercase English letters.

Sample Input 1

pop

Sample Output 1

o

o occurs only once in pop.

Sample Input 2

abc

Sample Output 2

a

a, b, and c occur once each in abc, so you may print any of them.

Sample Input 3

xxx

Sample Output 3

-1

No character occurs only once in xxx.

Problem Statement

You are given a sequence of N integers: A=(A _ 1,A _ 2,\ldots,A _ N).

Print all even numbers in A without changing the order.

Constraints

• 1\leq N\leq 100
• 1\leq A _ i\leq 100\ (1\leq i\leq N)
• A contains at least one even number.
• All values in the input are integers.

Sample Input 1

5
1 2 3 5 6

Sample Output 1

2 6

We have A=(1,2,3,5,6). Among them are two even numbers, A _ 2=2 and A _ 5=6, so print 2 and 6 in this order, with a space in between.

Sample Input 2

5
2 2 2 3 3

Sample Output 2

2 2 2

A may contain equal elements.

Sample Input 3

10
22 3 17 8 30 15 12 14 11 17

Sample Output 3

22 8 30 12 14

Problem Statement

Takahashi generated 10 strings S_1,S_2,\dots,S_{10} as follows.

• First, let S_i (1 \le i \le 10)= .......... (10 .s in a row).
• Next, choose four integers A, B, C, and D satisfying all of the following.
  • 1 \le A \le B \le 10.
  • 1 \le C \le D \le 10.
• Then, for every pair of integers (i,j) satisfying all of the following, replace the j-th character of S_i with #.
  • A \le i \le B.
  • C \le j \le D.

You are given S_1,S_2,\dots,S_{10} generated as above. Find the integers A, B, C, and D Takahashi chose.
It can be proved that such integers A, B, C, and D uniquely exist (there is just one answer) under the Constraints.

Constraints

• S_1,S_2,\dots,S_{10} are strings, each of length 10, that can be generated according to the Problem Statement.

Sample Input 1

..........
..........
..........
..........
...######.
...######.
...######.
...######.
..........
..........

Sample Output 1

5 8
4 9

Here, Takahashi chose A=5, B=8, C=4, D=9.
This choice generates 10 strings S_1,S_2,\dots,S_{10}, each of length 10, where the 4-th through 9-th characters of S_5,S_6,S_7,S_8 are #, and the other characters are ..
These are equal to the strings given in the input.

Sample Input 2

..........
..#.......
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........

Sample Output 2

2 2
3 3

Sample Input 3

##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########
##########

Sample Output 3

1 10
1 10

Problem Statement

There are N people, called Person 1, Person 2, \ldots, Person N.

The parent of Person i (2 \le i \le N) is Person P_i. Here, it is guaranteed that P_i < i.

How many generations away from Person N is Person 1?

Constraints

• 2 \le N \le 50
• 1 \le P_i < i(2 \le i \le N)
• All values in input are integers.

Sample Input 1

3
1 2

Sample Output 1

2

Person 2 is a parent of Person 3, and thus is one generation away from Person 3.

Person 1 is a parent of Person 2, and thus is two generations away from Person 3.

Therefore, the answer is 2.

Sample Input 2

10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Sample Output 2

9

Problem Statement

For two strings A and B, let A+B denote the concatenation of A and B in this order.

You are given N strings S_1,\ldots,S_N. Modify and print them as follows, in the order i=1, \ldots, N:

• if none of S_1,\ldots,S_{i-1} is equal to S_i, print S_i;
• if X (X>0) of S_1,\ldots,S_{i-1} are equal to S_i, print S_i+ ( +X+ ), treating X as a string.

Constraints

• 1 \leq N \leq 2\times 10^5
• S_i is a string of length between 1 and 10 (inclusive) consisting of lowercase English letters.

Sample Input 1

5
newfile
newfile
newfolder
newfile
newfolder

Sample Output 1

newfile
newfile(1)
newfolder
newfile(2)
newfolder(1)

Sample Input 2

11
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a

Sample Output 2

a
a(1)
a(2)
a(3)
a(4)
a(5)
a(6)
a(7)
a(8)
a(9)
a(10)

Problem Statement

You are given a simple undirected graph with N vertices and M edges. The vertices are numbered 1 to N, and the i-th edge connects vertex A_i and vertex B_i. Let us delete zero or more edges to remove cycles from the graph. Find the minimum number of edges that must be deleted for this purpose.

Constraints

• 1 \leq N \leq 2 \times 10^5
• 0 \leq M \leq 2 \times 10^5
• 1 \leq A_i, B_i \leq N
• The given graph is simple.
• All values in the input are integers.

Sample Input 1

6 7
1 2
1 3
2 3
4 2
6 5
4 6
4 5

Sample Output 1

2

One way to remove cycles from the graph is to delete the two edges between vertex 1 and vertex 2 and between vertex 4 and vertex 5.
There is no way to remove cycles from the graph by deleting one or fewer edges, so you should print 2.

Sample Input 2

4 2
1 2
3 4

Sample Output 2

0

Sample Input 3

5 3
1 2
1 3
2 3

Sample Output 3

1

Problem Statement

There is a grid with H horizontal rows and W vertical columns. (i, j) denotes the square at the i-th row from the top and j-th column from the left.
N squares, (r_1, c_1), (r_2, c_2), \ldots, (r_N, c_N), have walls.

Takahashi is initially at square (r_\mathrm{s}, c_\mathrm{s}).

Q instructions are given to Takahashi. For i = 1, 2, \ldots, Q, the i-th instruction is represented by a pair of a character d_i and a positive integer l_i. d_i is one of L, R, U, and D, representing the directions of left, right, up, and down, respectively.

Given the i-th direction, Takahashi repeats the following action l_i times:

If a square without a wall is adjacent to the current square in the direction represented by d_i, move to that square; otherwise, do nothing.

For i = 1, 2, \ldots, Q, print the square where Takahashi will be after he follows the first i instructions.

Constraints

• 2 \leq H, W \leq 10^9
• 1 \leq r_\mathrm{s} \leq H
• 1 \leq c_\mathrm{s} \leq W
• 0 \leq N \leq 2 \times 10^5
• 1 \leq r_i \leq H
• 1 \leq c_i \leq W
• i \neq j \Rightarrow (r_i, c_i) \neq (r_j, c_j)
• (r_\mathrm{s}, c_\mathrm{s}) \neq (r_i, c_i) for all i = 1, 2, \ldots, N.
• 1 \leq Q \leq 2 \times 10^5
• d_i is one of the characters L, R, U, and D.
• 1 \leq l_i \leq 10^9
• All values in the input other than d_i are integers.

Sample Input 1

5 5 4 4
3
5 3
2 2
1 4
4
L 2
U 3
L 2
R 4

Sample Output 1

4 2
3 2
3 1
3 5

The given grid and the initial position of Takahashi are as follows, where # denotes a square with a wall, T a square where Takahashi is, and . the other squares:

...#.
.#...
.....
...T.
..#..

Given the 1-st instruction, Takahashi moves 2 squares to the left, ending up in square (4, 2) as follows:

...#.
.#...
.....
.T...
..#..

Given the 2-nd instruction, Takahashi first moves 1 square upward, then he "does nothing" twice because the adjacent square in his direction has a wall. As a result, he ends up in square (3, 2) as follows:

...#.
.#...
.T...
.....
..#..

Given the 3-rd instruction, Takahashi first moves 1 square to the left, then he "does nothing" once because there is no square in his direction. As a result, he ends up in square (3, 1) as follows:

...#.
.#...
T....
.....
..#..

Given the 4-th instruction, Takahashi moves 4 squares to the right, ending up in square (3, 5) as follows:

...#.
.#...
....T
.....
..#..

Sample Input 2

6 6 6 3
7
3 1
4 3
2 6
3 4
5 5
1 1
3 2
10
D 3
U 3
L 2
D 2
U 3
D 3
U 3
R 3
L 3
D 1

Sample Output 2

6 3
5 3
5 1
6 1
4 1
6 1
4 1
4 2
4 1
5 1

Problem Statement

You are given a simple undirected graph with N vertices and M edges. The vertices are numbered from 1 through N, and the edges are numbered from 1 through M. Edge i connects Vertex U_i and Vertex V_i.

You are given integers K, S, T, and X. How many sequences A = (A_0, A_1, \dots, A_K) are there satisfying the following conditions?

• A_i is an integer between 1 and N (inclusive).
• A_0 = S
• A_K = T
• There is an edge that directly connects Vertex A_i and Vertex A_{i+1}.
• Integer X\ (X≠S,X≠T) appears even number of times (possibly zero) in sequence A.

Since the answer can be very large, find the answer modulo 998244353.

Constraints

• All values in input are integers.
• 2≤N≤2000
• 1≤M≤2000
• 1≤K≤2000
• 1≤S,T,X≤N
• X≠S
• X≠T
• 1≤U_i<V_i≤N
• If i ≠ j, then (U_i, V_i) ≠ (U_j, V_j).

Sample Input 1

4 4 4 1 3 2
1 2
2 3
3 4
1 4

Sample Output 1

4

The following 4 sequences satisfy the conditions:

• (1, 2, 1, 2, 3)
• (1, 2, 3, 2, 3)
• (1, 4, 1, 4, 3)
• (1, 4, 3, 4, 3)

On the other hand, (1, 2, 3, 4, 3) and (1, 4, 1, 2, 3) do not, since there are odd number of occurrences of 2.

Sample Input 2

6 5 10 1 2 3
2 3
2 4
4 6
3 6
1 5

Sample Output 2

0

The graph is not necessarily connected.

Sample Input 3

10 15 20 4 4 6
2 6
2 7
5 7
4 5
2 4
3 7
1 7
1 4
2 9
5 10
1 3
7 8
7 9
1 6
1 2

Sample Output 3

952504739

Find the answer modulo 998244353.

Problem Statement

ABC 250 is a commemorable quarter milestone for Takahashi, who aims to hold ABC 1000, so he is going to celebrate this contest by eating as close to 1/4 of a pizza he bought as possible.

The pizza that Takahashi bought has a planar shape of convex N-gon. When the pizza is placed on an xy-plane, the i-th vertex has coordinates (X_i, Y_i).

Takahashi has decided to cut and eat the pizza as follows.

• First, Takahashi chooses two non-adjacent vertices from the vertices of the pizza and makes a cut with a knife along the line passing through those two points, dividing the pizza into two pieces.
• Then, he chooses one of the pieces at his choice and eats it.

Let a be the quarter (=1/4) of the area of the pizza that Takahashi bought, and b be the area of the piece of pizza that Takahashi eats. Find the minimum possible value of 8 \times |a-b|. We can prove that this value is always an integer.

Constraints

• All values in input are integers.
• 4 \le N \le 10^5
• |X_i|, |Y_i| \le 4 \times 10^8
• The given points are the vertices of a convex N-gon in the counterclockwise order.

Sample Input 1

5
3 0
2 3
-1 3
-3 1
-1 -1

Sample Output 1

1

Suppose that he makes a cut along the line passing through the 3-rd and the 5-th vertex and eats the piece containing the 4-th vertex.
Then, a=\frac{33}{2} \times \frac{1}{4} = \frac{33}{8}, b=4, and 8 \times |a-b|=1, which is minimum possible.

Sample Input 2

4
400000000 400000000
-400000000 400000000
-400000000 -400000000
400000000 -400000000

Sample Output 2

1280000000000000000

Sample Input 3

6
-816 222
-801 -757
-165 -411
733 131
835 711
-374 979

Sample Output 3

157889